While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution.
Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation.
It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Keywords: U. Congress , majority-minority districts , representations , descriptive representation , race , gender , ethnicity , behavior of legislators , party leadership.
Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. Stella M. Access to the complete content on Oxford Handbooks Online requires a subscription or purchase. Public users are able to search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter without a subscription. Please subscribe or login to access full text content. If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code.
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